HIST 301: THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGNING
Fall 2008
MW(F) 12:35-1:25
Professor Gil Troy
Office: Leacock 628
email: gtroy@videotron.ca
Phone: 398-3898
Each presidential election season triggers yet another round of complaints about the campaign and the candidates. The campaigns do not test presidential qualifications adequately; none of the candi¬dates are good enough. The campaigns are too long; the candidates, too superficial. The campaigns are undigni¬fied; the candidates, demagogic. The campaigns are expensive; the candidates too financially needy. Candidates are too involved; the people, too apathetic. Solutions to the “problem” of the presidential campaign around: clustering primaries, limiting PACs, compressing the campaign season, restricting donations, restraining the media.
Many of these laments assume that modern Americans have somehow strayed from an earlier, idyllic path. Once upon a time, when parties were strong and television was not even a twinkle in Marconi’s eye, elections were more substantive, candidates were more impressive, the nation was more virtuous. Democracy seems to have worked then. Now, alas, it barely functions. American politics was once grand, the conventional wisdom goes; now, it is tawdry. In fact, since the first contested election in 1796, when partisans of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams clashed, many have considered presiden¬tial campaigns excessively partisan, unduly disruptive, and undignified. Without an appreciation of these traditional concerns, the “problems” of the modern campaign cannot be fathomed.
This course will consider the continuing problem of the presidential campaign. How has the presidential campaign changed over the last two centuries? How has it remained the same? What do these continuities and discontinuities show about American history, in general, and American democracy, in particular?
The course will be divided into three sections. First, we will consider the origins of the presidential campaign. Next, we will examine the presidential campaign during the golden age of partisan politics, from the 1850s through the 1940s. During this time, the candidates became more active and the people became more involved. But the dissatisfaction with the campaign festered. The concluding section, “The Making and Selling of the President,” compares the modern campaign with its predecessors.
This course will combine lectures and discussions. Students MUST come to class prepared to discuss the assigned readings, particularly the primary sources. Note that the most important documents are italicized in the syllabus.
Website
In addition to using the WebCt for updates on information, the supplemental reading will be available on the course Website, noted “in Readings” on the syllabus. The Website is:
http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/history/faculty/TROYWEB/Courseweb/hist301index.htm
NOTE:The ads since 1952 shown in class can be seen at http://livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us/index.php
FOR ELECTORAL MAPS SEE:
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse_maps.htm
FOR OVERVIEWS OF EACH CAMPAIGN SEE:
http://www.multied.com/elections/
Conferences, Assignments, and Grading
There will be weekly reading assignments and confer¬ences will meet regularly throughout the semester. Participation in the conferences and during the lectures will account for 10 percent of your grade. A final exam for all will account for 30 percent of the grade. For the remaining 60%, three 5-6 page analytical papers on the various readings of the week will be due at the start of your conference the week of September 24th; the week of October 29th; the week of November 12 or November 26th. Early papers are most welcome. Late papers are not. You will be penalized. No papers will be accepted after Friday, November 28.
NOTE: Failure to submit three papers for three separate sections ON TIME or to complete the final will result in a “J.”
Plagiarism
All work submitted for this course must be original. Please refer to university and departmental guidelines, or consult the instructors if you are unsure how to proceed.
Office Hours
My office hours will be Monday, at 11:30 and by appointment.
Required Reading
(in order of use, all books available at the McGill Bookstore
Gil Troy, See How They Ran: The Changing Role of the Presidential Candidates
Charles S. Sydnor, American Revolutionaries in the Making: Political Practices in Washington’s Virginia
Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of Presidential Politics
David Donald, Lincoln
Paul W. Glad, McKinley, Bryan, & the People
Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death
Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President 1968
Brinkley, Polsby, and Sullivan, New Federalist Papers
Readings – distributed, on reserve or posted at
http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/history/faculty/TROYWEB/Courseweb/hist301index.htm
Schedule of Topics and Readings
(* means this document will be discussed in class, so READ IT BEFOREHAND AND BRING IT TO CLASS!!!!)
Week 1: Wed., Sept. 3: #1: Introduction, Overview and Case Study: George W. Bush wins in 2000 and 2004: what went wrong — and what went right (and Right)?
CNN “How we got here: A timeline of the Florida recount,” Dec. 13, 2000
http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/13/got.here/index.html
Gil Troy, “The Price of Playing it Cool,” from Poppolitics.com
http://www.poppolitics.com/articles/2000-12-24-public.shtml
Dershowitz v. Posner from Slate.com Dialogues, July 2 AND 3rd
Democracy in Action’s P2004: the 2004 Campaign – Sample at least 5 of the links at http://www.gwu.edu/~action/P2004.html
Troy, See How They Ran, “Prologue,” pp. 1-6.
Week 2: Mon., Sept. 8: #2: “Candidus”: The Traditional Campaign
*Cato’s Letters in Readings Especially #61-62
*Declaration of Independence
(http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/declaration.html)
Troy, See How They Ran, Chapter One, pp. 7-19.
Charles S. Sydnor, American Revolutionaries in the Making:
Political Practices in Washington’s Virginia, pp. 1-118 (NOTE: The book is in the library under its original name Gentlemen Freeholders)
Wed. Sept. 10: #3: “A Bundle of Compro¬mises”: The Constitu¬tional Campaign
*The Constitution (especially Article II and Amendments 12,
13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26) in Readings
The Federalist Nos. 49, 68 70, 71, 72 in Readings *(#68)
Week 3: Mon. Sept. 15: #4: George Washington and Republi¬can Virtue
SPOTLIGHT: 1788 “George Washington: Republican” in Readings.
*(esp. 110 Rules of Civility)
Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game, pp. 1-117
Wed., Sept. 17: #5: The Emergence of Parties
Charts, “Party Politics in America” see
http://www.edgate.com/elections/inactive/the_parties/
W.N. Chambers, “Party Development and the American Mainstream,” in Chambers, William Nisbet and Burnham, Walter Dean, eds. The American Party System: Stages of Development, pp. 3-32 on reserve.
SECTION #1: THE REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN (Troy, Sydnor)
Week 4: Monday Sept. 22: #6: Andrew Jackson and the Partisan Campaign SPOTLIGHT: 1828
*”The Debate on Extended Suffrage” [Kent v. Buel, 1821] in Readings.
Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of Presidential Politics, pp. 117-207.
Wed. Sept. 24: #7 Confusion Reigns: 1840 and 1844 SPOTLIGHT: 1840
Troy, See How They Ran, pp. 20-107
*Sources, 1840, 1844 in Readings (esp. Kane, Raleigh and Alabama Letters)
SECTION #2: THE PARTY CAMPAIGN (Troy, Sydnor and McCormick)
FIRST 5 PAGE ANALYTICAL PAPER DUE AT THE START OF YOUR CONFERENCE
Week 5: Mon., Sept. 29: MONDAY IS FRIDAY: CONFERENCES MEET
Wed., Oct. 1: VIDEO: Images of the Mass Campaign
Fri. Oct. 3: Make up Lecture:#9: Abraham Lincoln: America’s Greatest Politician?
Donald, Lincoln, pps. 1-161,
Week 6: Mon., Oct. 6: #10: Golden Age of Partisan Campaigning: Participation, SPOTLIGHT: 1860: *Sources, 1860, 1868 in Readings
Richard Jensen, “Armies, Ad-men and Crusaders: Types of Presidential Election Campaigns,” The History Teacher, 2
(1969): 33-50 in Readings
Wed., Oct. 8: #11 : SPOTLIGHT 1876: Education and Partisanship
*Plunkitt of Tammany Hall in Readings
Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center on 1876
http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/president/display.asp?id=511&subj=president
HarpWeek – -1876 controversy
http://elections.harpweek.com/controversy.htm
SECTION #3: THE GOLDEN AGE OF PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGNING
Donald, Lincoln, pps. 162-270, 493-547
Week 7: Mon. Oct. 13: NO CLASS: HAPPY THANKSGIVING
Wed., Oct. 15: #12: SPOTLIGHT 1896: The Battle of the Standards
Paul Glad, McKinley, Bryan, & the People, pp. 1-36, 48-50, 95-141, 163-209.
*Primary Sources, 1892, 1896 in Readings
SECTION #4: 19th Century Campaign transformations
Week 8: Mon., Oct. 20: FRIDAY IS MONDAY CONFERENCES MEET
Wed., Oct. 22: VIDEO: The Kennedy-Nixon Debate
Primary Sources, 1904-1928 in Readings
Primary Sources, Theodore Roosevelt Campaigns in Readings…
Troy, See How They Ran, pp. 108-132
Fri. Oct. 24: MAKE UP LECTURE #13: The Power of the Press: The Brave New World of Twentieth Century Politics
SECTION #5: THE VANISHING VOTER, 1900-2000
Thomas Patterson, The Vanishing Voter [on HNN] in Readings
http://hnn.us/articles/printfriendly/1104.html
Robert Zaller, “Perversities in the Ideal of the Informed
Citzenry [1999]” http://www.mtsu.edu/~seig/pdf/pdf_zaller.pdf
Voter Turnout Charts in Readings …
Robert Putnam, “Bowling Alone,” Journal of Democracy 6:1, Jan
1995,pps.65-78 http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/journal_of_democracy/v006/putnam.html
Week 9: Mon., Oct. 27: #14: FDR and the Rise of Mass Culture
*Radio, 1924-1948 in Readings
Troy, See How They Ran, pp. 133-207
*Franklin Roosevelt Campaigns in Read¬ings
Wed., Oct. 29: #15: Richard Nixon and The Television Revolution: The Checkers Speech
McCormick, Presidential Game, pp. 207-238
SECTION #6: PERSONALITY AND PUBLICITY IN THE MODERN CAMPAIGN
Warren Susman, “‘Personality’ and the Making of Twentieth-Century Culture,” Chapter 14 in Warren Susman, Culture as History, pp. 271-285 on reserve.
Robert Westbrook, “Politics as Consumption,” Chapter V in Fox and Lears, The Culture of Consumption, pp. 145-173 on reserve.
Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death, pp. vii-82
SECOND 5 PAGE ANALYTICAL PAPER DUE AT THE START OF YOUR CONFERENCE
Week 10: Mon., Nov. 3: #16: The Television Revolution
Wed., Nov. 5: #17: The Selling of the President, 1960s
SECTION #7: DID TELEVISION RUIN THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN?
Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death, pp. 83-163.
Lance Morrow, “Of Myth and Memory: Dreaming of 1960 in the New World,” Time, 24 Oct. 1988, pp. 21-27 in Readings, Timothy Crouse, The Boys on the Bus, pp. 3-11 on reserve
Week 11: Mon., Nov. 10: #18: The Modern Campaign: Primarily Overreported?
Troy, See How They Ran, Chapter 10, pp. 227-239.
Wed., Nov. 12: #19: Tricky Dick, Betty Ford and the Primal Scene of Presidential Politics
Primary Sources, 1976 in Readings
*The Character Question in Readings
Section #8: MAKING AND SELLING THE PRESIDENT, 1968, 1972
Joe McGinniss The Selling of the President 1968, all
Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, pp. 5-12 on reserve [First option for submitting 3rd paper]
Week 12: Mon., Nov. 17: Clinton: The War Room;
Wed., Nov. 19: Video: Bush, Journeys With George
Brinkley, Polsby, Sullivan, et al., New Federalist Papers, all
Acceptance Speeches, 1980 in Readings
Gil Troy, “Money and Politics: the Oldest Connection,” Wilson Quarterly (Fall, 1997),
http://wwics.si.edu/OUTREACH/WQ/WQSELECT/TROY.HTM
Are Voters Fools? See Arthur B. Maas, Foreword to VO Key, Jr., The Responsible Electorate, vii-xv on reserve
Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter, pp.7-13, on reserve.
Week 13: Mon., Nov. 24: #20: The Republican Juggernaut
Troy, See How They Ran, pp. 239-282.
Wed., Nov. 26: #21: The Presidency in the Age of the Popular Campaign
SECTION #9: THE MODERN CAMPAIGN IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
THIRD 5 PAGE ANALYTICAL PAPER DUE AT THE START OF YOUR CONFERENCE –No Papers Accepted After the End of this Week
Week 14: Mon., Dec. 1: #22: Republicanism and Liberal Democracy in the late 1980s and 1990s…
Tues., Dec. 2: TUESDAY IS MONDAY #23: Conclusions: The Presidential Campaign in a Changing — and Unchanging World
LECTURE SCHEDULE
Week 1: Wed., Sept. 3: #1: Introduction and Overview
Week 2: Mon., Sept. 8: #2: George Bush wins in 2000 and 2004: what went wrong — and what went Right and right?
Wed. Sept. 10: #3:”Candidus”: The Traditional Campaign
Week 3:Mon., Sept. 15: #4: “A Bundle of Compromises”: The Constitutional Campaign
Wed., Sept. 17: : #5: George Washington and Republican Virtue SPOTLIGHT: 1788
Week 4: Monday Sept. 22: #6: The Emergence of Parties
Wed. Sept. 24: #7: Andrew Jackson and the Partisan Campaign SPOTLIGHT: 1828
Week 5: Mon., Sept. 29 VIDEO: Images of the Mass Campaign
Wed., Oct. 1: #8: Confusion Reigns: 1840 and 1844 SPOTLIGHT: 1840
Week 6: Mon., Oct. 6: #9: Abraham Lincoln: America’s Greatest Politician?
Wed., Oct. 8: #10: Golden Age of Campaigning. SPOTLIGHT: 1860
Week 7: Tue., Oct. 14: #11 SPOTLIGHT 1876: Education and Partisanship
Wed., Oct. 15: #12: SPOTLIGHT 1896: The Battle of the Standards
Week 8: Mon., Oct. 20: VIDEO: The Kennedy-Nixon Debates
Wed., Oct. 22: #13: The Power of the Press and The Brave New World of Twentieth
Century Politics
Week 9: Mon., Oct. 27: #14: FDR and the Rise of Mass Culture
Wed., Oct. 29: #15: Richard Nixon and The Television Revolution: The Checkers Speech
Week 10: Mon., Nov. 3: #16: The Television Revolution
Wed., Nov. 5: #17: The Selling of the President, 1960s
Week 11: Mon., Nov. 10: #18: The Modern Campaign: Primarily Overreported?
Wed., Nov. 12: #19: Tricky Dick, Betty Ford and the Primal Scene of Presidential Politics
Week 12: Mon., Nov. 17: : #20: The Republican Juggernaut
Wed., Nov. 19: #21: The Presidency in the Age of the Popular Campaign
Week 13: Mon. Nov. 24: #22: Republicanism and Liberal Democracy in the late 1980s and 1990s…
Wed. Nov. 26: Video: Clinton: The War Room; Bush: Journeys With George
Week 14: Mon., Dec. 1 #23: Conclusions: The Presidential Campaign in a Changing — and Unchanging World